音頻科普：在手術(shù)室模擬靈長類動(dòng)物中的沖突

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?By analyzing 200 surgeries, anthropologists found mixed-gender operating room teams exhibited the highest levels of cooperation. Christopher Intagliata reports.

通過對(duì)200例手術(shù)案例的分析，人類學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)男女混合手術(shù)室團(tuán)隊(duì)的合作程度最高?？死锼雇懈?/span>·因塔利亞塔報(bào)道。

撰文\播音：克里斯托弗·因塔利亞塔（Christopher Intagliata）

翻譯：邱燕寧

審校：張清越

?

When primatologists observe chimpanzees, they take note of activities like fighting, playing, touching, and grooming. And it turns out you can learn a lot about humans—we are primates, after all—by observing the same behaviors in us.?

靈長類動(dòng)物學(xué)家觀察黑猩猩時(shí)，會(huì)注意到它們打架、玩耍、觸摸和梳理毛發(fā)等活動(dòng)。事實(shí)證明，通過觀察人類的相同行為，你也可以對(duì)人類有很多了解——畢竟我們也是靈長類動(dòng)物。

"Not grooming, but you know, who was nice to who, who complimented who, who talked to who, who flirted with who, all those kinds of things." Laura Jones, an anthropologist at Emory University and Kaiser Permanente.?

“不是指梳理毛發(fā)行為，但你知道，誰對(duì)誰好，誰稱贊誰，誰和誰說話，誰和誰調(diào)情，諸如此類的事情。”勞拉·瓊斯，埃默里大學(xué)(Emory University)和凱撒醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)(Kaiser Permanente)的人類學(xué)家說。

The primates her team studied were surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists and other staff at three U.S. hospitals. The researchers observed 200 surgeries, while logging behaviors like cursing and cowering, stomping or head shaking, joking and singing, complimenting or flirting.

她的團(tuán)隊(duì)研究的靈長類動(dòng)物是美國三家醫(yī)院的外科醫(yī)生、護(hù)士、麻醉師和其他工作人員。研究人員觀察了200例手術(shù)，同時(shí)記錄了諸如咒罵和畏縮、跺腳或搖頭、開玩笑和唱歌、贊美或調(diào)情等行為。

And they found that conflict in the OR surged when male surgeons' teams were mostly male; or when female surgeons were with mostly female teams. "It would be a no-brainer if we found that all females were cooperative, but that's not what we found."

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)男主刀醫(yī)生的治療團(tuán)隊(duì)大多為男性時(shí)，或者女主刀的治療團(tuán)隊(duì)大多是女性時(shí)，手術(shù)室里的沖突就會(huì)激增。“如果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的女性都有合作精神，那就再簡單不過了，但事實(shí)并非如此。”

Instead, the highest levels of cooperation occurred when a female surgeon had a male surgical team, and vice versa—perhaps, Jones says, because those mixed teams avoided male–male or female–female conflict.

相反，最高水平的合作發(fā)生在女主刀攜男性治療團(tuán)隊(duì)，或完全相反時(shí)——Jones說，也許，因?yàn)檫@些混合的團(tuán)隊(duì)避免了男性-男性和女性-女性的沖突。

In fact previous studies in primates--both human and non-human--have shown that competition is strongest between individuals of the same gender. The surgery findings are in the?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Laura K. Jones et al.,?Ethological observations of social behavior in the operating room]

事實(shí)上，先前對(duì)靈長類動(dòng)物的研究——無論是人類還是非人類——都表明，同性個(gè)體之間的競爭最為激烈。這些結(jié)果發(fā)表在《美國國家科學(xué)院院刊》上。

"I would say the most practical thing to do at this point would be using this to affect training. And of course encourage people, both men and women, to go into all the disciplines, because right now they're heavily gendered." Perhaps by diversifying the operating room we can leave chest-beating behaviors at the door.?

“我想說，在這一點(diǎn)上最實(shí)際的應(yīng)用就是用它來影響訓(xùn)練。當(dāng)然，也要鼓勵(lì)人們，無論是男性還是女性，參與所有的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的工作，因?yàn)?/span>目前領(lǐng)域里性別單一性很嚴(yán)重。”也許通過豐富手術(shù)室里的性別組成，我們可以把暴力行為留在手術(shù)室外。

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